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An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. [1] English has two affricate phonemes, /t͜ʃ/ and /d͜ʒ/, often spelled ch and j, respectively.
The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z] is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads. The voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate [dð̠], or [dð͇] using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian. The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [d͡z̺]
voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡χ] voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡ʁ] voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡χ] voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡ʁ] voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [𝼊͡χ] voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [𝼊͡ʁ]
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate. This article discusses the first two.
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with d͡ʒ (formerly the ligature ʤ ), or in some broad transcriptions ɟ , and the ...
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are t͡ɕ , t͜ɕ , c͡ɕ and c͜ɕ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_s\ and c_s\, though transcribing the stop component with c (c in X-SAMPA) is rare.