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Early reentry-vehicle concepts visualized in shadowgraphs of high speed wind tunnel tests. The concept of the ablative heat shield was described as early as 1920 by Robert Goddard: "In the case of meteors, which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 30 miles (48 km) per second, the interior of the meteors remains cold, and the erosion is due, to a large extent, to chipping or cracking of ...
Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator (LOFTID) was a NASA mission to test inflatable reentry systems. [1] It was the first such test of an inflatable decelerator from Earth-orbital speed. LOFTID was launched on an Atlas V 401 in November 2022 as a secondary payload, along with the JPSS-2 weather satellite. [2]
Non-ballistic atmospheric entry is a class of atmospheric entry trajectories that follow a non-ballistic trajectory by employing aerodynamic lift in the high upper atmosphere. It includes trajectories such as skip and glide. [1] [2] Skip is a flight trajectory where the spacecraft goes in and out the atmosphere.
An exponential atmosphere, where () = (/), with being the density at the planet's surface and being the scale height. These assumptions are valid for hypersonic speeds, where the Mach number is greater than 5. Then the planar reentry equations for the spacecraft are:
Vertically arranged closed circuit wind tunnel with two test sections: one atmospheric (max speed 16 m/s [52 ft/s]), one aeronautical (max speed 55 m/s [180 ft/s]) with possibility to test with open / closed jet. Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel 9 [33] Diameter 1.5 m (5 ft) United States
Project FIRE (Flight Investigation Reentry Environment) was a United States NASA effort to determine the effects of atmospheric entry on spacecraft materials. [1] [2] Project FIRE used both ground testing in wind tunnels and flight tests to test the effects of reentry heating on spacecraft materials, using a subscale model of the Apollo Command ...
Oceana said it analyzed boat speeds from November 2020 through July 2022 in slow zones established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) along the East Coast and found that ...
Atmospheric entry speed of the Galileo atmospheric probe—Fastest controlled atmospheric entry for a human-made object. 66,000: 240,000: 150,000 0.00022: Lower speed bound of the steel plate cap from the Pascal-B nuclear test of Operation Plumbbob. [26] [circular reference] 70,220: 252,800: 157,100 0.00023: Speed of the Helios 2 solar probe ...