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The modern Igbo alphabet is made up of 36 letters, [3] which includes only a 23-letter set of the ISO basic Latin alphabet minus Q and X, which are not part of Abidịị Igbo. C is not used other than in the digraph 'ch' and proper names. The alphabet uses the dot above on the letter Ṅ, and the dot below on Ị, Ọ and Ụ.
Ȝ ȝ Yogh, ȝogh or yoch / ˈ j ɒ ɡ / or / ˈ j ɒ x /, used for various sounds derived from / ɡ /, such as / j / and / x /. Replaced by y, j, [p] gh, and ch [q] now. ſ long s, an earlier form of the lowercase "s" that continued to be used alongside the modern lowercase s into the 1800s. Replaced by lowercase s now.
In words that come from foreign languages in which iotated /e/ is uncommon or nonexistent (such as English), э is usually written in the beginning of words and after vowels except и (e.g., поэ́т, 'poet'), and е after и and consonants. However, the pronunciation is inconsistent.
Some authors omit the carrier letter, for e.g. suffixed [kʰuˣt̪s̟]ʷ or prefixed [ʷkʰuˣt̪s̟], [note 22] or place a spacing variant of a diacritic such as ˔ or ˜ at the beginning or end of a word to indicate that it applies to the entire word. [note 23]
It is considered a distinct letter, named csé, and is placed between c and d in alphabetical order. Examples of words with cs include csak ('only'), csésze ('cup'), cső ('pipe'), csípős ('peppery'). ct is used in English for /t/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as ctenoid. When not initial, it represents /kt/, as in act.
Words of Chinese origin have entered European languages, including English. Most of these were direct loanwords from various varieties of Chinese.However, Chinese words have also entered indirectly via other languages, particularly Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese, that have all used Chinese characters at some point and contain a large number of Chinese loanwords.
The most common type of palatal consonant is the extremely common approximant [j], which ranks among the ten most common sounds in the world's languages. [1] The nasal [ɲ] is also common, occurring in around 35 percent of the world's languages, [2] in most of which its equivalent obstruent is not the stop [c], but the affricate [].
Many onomatopoeic words beginning with ち pertain to things that are small or quick. [1] The dakuten forms ぢ, ヂ, are uncommon. They are primarily used for indicating a voiced consonant in the middle of a compound word (see rendaku), and they don't usually begin a word.