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2. Class (computer programming) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)

   In object-oriented programming, a class defines the shared aspects of objects created from the class. The capabilities of a class differ between programming languages, but generally the shared aspects consist of state and behavior that are each either associated with a particular object or with all objects of that class. [1] [2]

3. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

   Python supports most object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. It allows polymorphism, not only within a class hierarchy but also by duck typing. Any object can be used for any type, and it will work so long as it has the proper methods and attributes. And everything in Python is an object, including classes, functions, numbers and modules.

4. Function (computer programming) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/.../Function_(computer_programming)

   A function definition starts with the name of the type of value that it returns or void to indicate that it does not return a value. This is followed by the function name, formal arguments in parentheses, and body lines in braces. In C++, a function declared in a class (as non-static) is called a member function or method.

5. Python (programming language) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

   Methods on objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax instance. method (argument) is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for Class. method (instance, argument). Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data , in contrast to the implicit self (or this ) in some other object-oriented ...

6. Object-oriented programming - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

   The class defines the data format or type (including member variables and their types) and available procedures (class methods or member functions) for a given type or class of object. Objects are created by calling a special type of method in the class known as a constructor .

7. Closure (computer programming) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)

   In programming languages, a closure, also lexical closure or function closure, is a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with first-class functions. Operationally , a closure is a record storing a function [ a ] together with an environment. [ 1 ]

8. Function composition (computer science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition...

   Programmers frequently apply functions to results of other functions, and almost all programming languages allow it. In some cases, the composition of functions is interesting as a function in its own right, to be used later. Such a function can always be defined but languages with first-class functions make it easier.

9. First-class citizen - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_citizen

   In a given programming language design, a first-class citizen [a] is an entity which supports all the operations generally available to other entities. These operations typically include being passed as an argument , returned from a function , and assigned to a variable .