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artificial nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors, nuclear bombs, or particle accelerators; during a supernova; during the spin-down of a neutron star; when cosmic rays or accelerated particle beams strike atoms; The majority of neutrinos which are detected about the Earth are from nuclear reactions inside the Sun.
Diagram showing the Sun's components. The core is where nuclear fusion takes place, creating solar neutrinos. A solar neutrino is a neutrino originating from nuclear fusion in the Sun's core, and is the most common type of neutrino passing through any source observed on Earth at any particular moment.
A more recently built and much larger KamLAND detector used similar techniques to study oscillations of antineutrinos from 53 Japanese nuclear power plants. A smaller, but more radiopure Borexino detector was able to measure the most important components of the neutrino spectrum from the Sun, as well as antineutrinos from Earth and nuclear ...
At the Sun's core temperature of 15.5 million K the PP process is dominant. The PP process and the CNO process are equal at around 20 MK. [1] Scheme of the proton–proton branch I reaction. The proton–proton chain, also commonly referred to as the p–p chain, is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert ...
Cosmic rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, in the Earth's atmosphere through the reaction: n + 14 N → p + 14 C Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 [ 85 ] in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, [ citation needed ] until the ...
To see the longest meteors, look away from the meteor shower's radiant. In this case, the radiant of the Leonids is the constellation Leo. A cloudless and smokeless sky is the No. 1 weather ...
Ionizing radiation is generated through nuclear reactions, nuclear decay, by very high temperature, or via acceleration of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. Natural sources include the sun, lightning and supernova explosions. Artificial sources include nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, and x-ray tubes.
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