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Physiological bone resorption is an integral part of bone functioning, while the bone is constantly growing thanks to two processes — breakdown and formation of bone tissue. [23] Locally, it could be manifested in tooth eruption when the movement of a tooth follicle is followed by an active resorption of jaw bone tissue.
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
Under normal conditions, osteocytes express high amounts of TGF-β and thus repress bone resorption, but when bone grows old, the expression levels of TGF-β decrease, and the expression of osteoclast-stimulatory factors, such as RANKL and M-CSF increases, bone resorption is then enhanced, leading to net bone loss. [24]
Osteoclasts are a type of bone cell which cause bone resorption, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. PTHrP also acts by activating rank ligand and inhibiting osteoprotegerin which activates nuclear factor kappa B , which causes further activation of osteoclast activity. [ 22 ]
The underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. [99] [100] In normal bone, matrix remodeling of bone is constant; up to 10% of all bone mass may be undergoing remodeling at any
Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification.Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term "osteolysis" specifically refers to a pathological process.
RANKL, through its ability to stimulate osteoclast formation and activity, is a critical mediator of bone resorption and overall bone density. Overproduction of RANKL is implicated in a variety of degenerative bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. In addition to degenerative bone diseases, bone metastases can also ...
Osteoporosis is a bone-related disease caused by increased rates of bone resorption compared to bone formation. [39] A higher rate of resorption is often caused by increased osteoclastogenesis and results in symptoms of osteopenia such as excessive bone loss and low bone mineral density. [39]