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  2. Carcinogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenesis

    Cancers and tumors are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat. Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

  3. Mutagen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen

    Other carcinogens may cause cancer through a variety of mechanisms without producing mutations, such as tumour promotion, immunosuppression that reduces the ability to fight cancer cells or pathogens that can cause cancer, disruption of the endocrine system (e.g. in breast cancer), tissue-specific toxicity, and inflammation (e.g. in colorectal ...

  4. Causes of cancer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_cancer

    A cancer syndrome or family cancer syndrome is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes predisposes the affected individuals to the development of cancers and may also cause the early onset of these cancers. Although cancer syndromes exhibit an increased risk of cancer, the risk varies.

  5. Oncogenomics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

    Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation. The goal of oncogenomics is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers and new ...

  6. Malignant transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_transformation

    One underlying commonality in cancers is genetic mutation, acquired either by inheritance, or, more commonly, by mutations in one's somatic DNA over time. The mutations considered important in cancers are those that alter protein coding genes (the exome). As Vogelstein et al. point out, a typical tumor contains two to eight exome "driver gene ...

  7. Somatic evolution in cancer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_evolution_in_cancer

    Driver mutations tend to cause clonal expansions. Passenger mutation — a mutation that has no effect on the fitness of a clone but may be associated with a clonal expansion because it occurs in the same genome with a driver mutation. This is known as a hitchhiker in evolutionary biology.

  8. Modifications (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifications_(genetics)

    Incidental, or natural mutations occur through errors during replication and repair, either spontaneously or due to environmental stressors. Intentional modifications are done in a laboratory for various purposes, developing hardier seeds and plants, and increasingly to treat human disease. The use of gene editing technology remains controversial.

  9. Warburg hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_hypothesis

    Scientist Otto Warburg, whose research activities led to the formulation of the Warburg hypothesis for explaining the root cause of cancer.. The Warburg hypothesis (/ ˈ v ɑːr b ʊər ɡ /), sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer, postulates that the driver of carcinogenesis (cancer formation) is insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult (damage) to mitochondria. [1]

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