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For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base. For example, an acetate buffer can be made from a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Similarly, an alkaline buffer can be made from a mixture of the base and its ...
3 in solution represents 1 molar equivalent, while 1 mole of CO 2− 3 is 2 molar equivalents because twice as many H + ions would be necessary to balance the charge. The total charge of a solution always equals zero. [8] This leads to a parallel definition of alkalinity that is based upon the charge balance of ions in a solution.
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range. Boric acid has a pK a of 9.14 at 25 °C.
The reading from a second standard buffer solution is then adjusted using the "slope" control to be equal to the pH for that solution. Further details, are given in the IUPAC recommendations. [ 16 ] When more than two buffer solutions are used the electrode is calibrated by fitting observed pH values to a straight line with respect to standard ...
Tris-buffered saline (TBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Tris (with HCl) has a slightly alkaline buffering capacity in the 7–9.2 range. The conjugate acid of Tris has a pK a of 8.07 at 25 °C.
Concentrated solutions are caustic (causing chemical burns). Alkaline solutions are slippery or soapy to the touch, due to the saponification of the fatty substances on the surface of the skin. Alkalis are normally water-soluble, although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when reacting with an acidic aqueous solution.
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