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an awareness that language has the potential to go beyond the literal meaning, to further include multiple or implied meanings, formal structures like phonemes, syntax, etc. an awareness, therefore, of the flexibility of language through irony, sarcasm and other forms of word play
The term comes from the root word meta, meaning "beyond", or "on top of". [1] Metacognition can take many forms, such as reflecting on one's ways of thinking, and knowing when and how oneself and others use particular strategies for problem-solving .
Reading comprehension and vocabulary are inextricably linked together. The ability to decode or identify and pronounce words is self-evidently important, but knowing what the words mean has a major and direct effect on knowing what any specific passage means while skimming a reading material.
Laufer suggests that 3,000 word families or 5,000 lexical items are a threshold beyond which learners will be able to read more efficiently. [16] Coady & Nation (1998) suggest 98% of lexical coverage and 5,000 word families or 8,000 items for a pleasurable reading experience. [ 17 ]
Kate Nation FBA is an experimental psychologist and expert on language and literacy development in school age children. [1] [2] She is Professor of Experimental Psychology and Fellow of St. John's College of the University of Oxford, where she directs the ReadOxford [3] project and the Language and Cognitive Development Research Group.
Poor readers have difficulties thinking beyond the scope of the sentences before them and connecting notions between sentences. Such inference making is necessary to develop a coherent representation or mental model of the text. Oakhill stated that "Comprehension skills need to be taught. They don't just develop in all children."
The use of slow reading in literary criticism is sometimes referred to as close reading.Of less common usage is the term, "deep reading". [1]Slow reading is contrasted with speed reading which involves techniques to increase the rate of reading without adversely affecting comprehension, and contrasted with skimming which employs visual page cues to increase reading speed.
Functional illiteracy consists of reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level". [1] Those who read and write only in a language other than the predominant language of their environs may also be considered functionally illiterate. [2]