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Pond liners need to be protected from sharp objects (for example, stones) below the liner and from being punctured by any objects in the water body. Protection can be provided with layers of sand, geotextiles (particularly needle-punched nonwovens) and other materials. Pond liners are manufactured in rolls or accordion-folded on pallets.
Usually, the pond will be filled by a combination of tap water, rainwater, and surface runoff – and lost to evaporation. In soils that lack natural clay, additional water loss to drainage and permeation is prevented by a liner. Pond liners are PVC or EPDM foils that are placed between the soil of the pond bed and the water. Liners can also be ...
Bitumen emulsion applied to polypropylene geotextiles was reported to have been used in a Nevada heap leach mining installation as early as 1973. Published literature describing the modern development of the bituminous geomembrane can be traced back to the first double-liner system conceived of in 1974 by geosynthetics pioneer, J.P. Giroud.
Such geocomposites are regularly used in intercepting and conveying leachate in landfill liner and cover systems and for conducting vapor or water beneath pond liners of various types. [3] These drainage geocomposites also make effective drains to intercept water in a capillary zone where frost heave or salt migration is a problem.
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Midwest. Classic Midwestern Christmas foods include casseroles (especially green bean casserole, cheesy broccoli casserole, and Tater Tot casserole) and cheese balls.
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