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A prolactinoma is a tumor of the pituitary gland that produces the hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor . [ 1 ] Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood ( hyperprolactinemia ), or due to pressure of the tumor on surrounding brain tissue and/or the optic nerves .
If TSH levels are elevated, hyperprolactinemia is secondary to hypothyroidism and treated accordingly. [2] If TSH levels are normal, an MRI or CT scan is conducted to assess for any pituitary adenomas. [2] Although hyperprolactinemia is often uncommon in postmenopausal women, prolactinomas detected after menopause are typically macroadenomas. [42]
Prolactin levels peak during REM sleep and in the early morning. Many mammals experience a seasonal cycle. [38] During pregnancy, high circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone increase prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production.
Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is increased blood prolactin levels associated with galactorrhea (abnormal milk secretion). It may be caused by such things as certain medications, pituitary disorders and thyroid disorders. The condition can occur in males as well as females.
Macroprolactin is the term used to describe complexed forms of the pituitary hormone prolactin which are found in blood. The most common complex found in blood consists of prolactin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). [1]
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Witch's milk, or neonatal galactorrhea, in newborns is primarily caused by hyperprolactinemia - abnormally high level of prolactin hormone. Please note that galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia physiologies are independent of one another. [17]