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Legionella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can be seen using a silver stain or grown in a special media that contains cysteine, an amino acid.It is known to cause legionellosis [3] (all illnesses caused by Legionella) including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. [3]
F-box proteins are involved in the ubiquitination of proteins targeted for degradation by the proteasome. AnkB F-box is a protein that assembles host cell polyubiquitinated proteins on the cytoplasmatic side of Legionella containing vacuole (LCV). [1] This effector is required for intracellular proliferation within human and amoeba cells and ...
There is a relatively high abundance genes encoding eukaryotic-like proteins (ELPs). ELPs are beneficial for mimicking the bacteria' eukaryotic hosts for pathogenicity. Other genes of L. pneumophila encode for Legionella-specific vacuoles, efflux transporters, ankyrin-repeat proteins, and many other virulence related characteristics. [29]
For the soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, their main food source is the bacteria Legionella pneumophila, which causes Legionnaire's disease in humans. [25] Phagosome maturation in amoeba is very similar to that in macrophages, so they are used as a model organism to study the process.
Iron is required for humans, as well as the growth of most bacteria. To obtain free iron, some pathogens secrete proteins called siderophores, which take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding to the iron even more tightly. Once the iron-siderophore complex is formed, it is taken up by siderophore receptors on the bacterial ...
[7] [12] The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide (LPS); the archetypical diderm bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide; and the diderm bacteria in which the outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid (e. g. Mycobacterium). [9] [10] [12] [13]
Legionella spp. enter the lungs either by aspiration of contaminated water or inhalation of aerosolized contaminated water or soil. In the lung, the bacteria are consumed by macrophages, a type of white blood cell, inside of which the Legionella bacteria multiply, causing the death of the macrophage. Once the macrophage dies, the bacteria are ...
The effector proteins injected by the type III secretion apparatus of Yersinia into target cells are one example. Another group of intracellular toxins is the AB toxins . The 'B'-subunit ( b inding ) attaches to target regions on cell membranes, the 'A'-subunit ( a ctive ) enters through the membrane and possesses enzymatic function that ...