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The vertices of the regular icosahedron exist at the 5-fold rotation axis points. The rotational symmetry group of the regular icosahedron is isomorphic to the alternating group on five letters. This non- abelian simple group is the only non-trivial normal subgroup of the symmetric group on five letters.
A regular icosahedron can be distorted or marked up as a lower pyritohedral symmetry, [2] [3] and is called a snub octahedron, snub tetratetrahedron, snub tetrahedron, and pseudo-icosahedron. [4] This can be seen as an alternated truncated octahedron .
The 92 vertices lie on the surfaces of three concentric spheres. The innermost group of 20 vertices form the vertices of a regular dodecahedron; the next layer of 12 form the vertices of a regular icosahedron; and the outer layer of 60 form the vertices of a nonuniform truncated icosahedron. The radii of these spheres are in the ratio [11]
The relations can be made apparent by examining the vertex figures obtained by listing the faces adjacent to each vertex (remember that for uniform polyhedra all vertices are the same, that is vertex-transitive). For example, the cube has vertex figure 4.4.4, which is to say, three adjacent square faces.
Departing from an arbitrary vertex V one has at 36° and 144° the 12 vertices of an icosahedron, [p] at 60° and 120° the 20 vertices of a dodecahedron, at 72° and 108° the 12 vertices of a larger icosahedron, at 90° the 30 vertices of an icosidodecahedron, and finally at 180° the antipodal vertex of V. [14] [15] [16] These can be seen in ...
Icosahedral symmetry fundamental domains A soccer ball, a common example of a spherical truncated icosahedron, has full icosahedral symmetry. Rotations and reflections form the symmetry group of a great icosahedron. In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron.
The truncated icosahedron can be constructed from a regular icosahedron by cutting off all of its vertices, known as truncation.Each of the 12 vertices at the one-third mark of each edge creates 12 pentagonal faces and transforms the original 20 triangle faces into regular hexagons. [1]
The regular icosahedron can be constructed by intersecting three golden rectangles perpendicularly, arranged in two-by-two orthogonal, and connecting each of the golden rectangle's vertices with a segment line. There are 12 regular icosahedron vertices, considered as the center of 12 regular dodecahedron faces. [13]