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  2. Hawthorne effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect

    The Hawthorne effect is a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. [1] [2] The effect was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant; however, some scholars think the descriptions are fictitious.

  3. Reactivity (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_(psychology)

    It is a significant threat to a research study's external validity and is typically controlled for using blind experiment designs. There are several forms of reactivity. The Hawthorne effect occurs when research study participants know they are being studied and alter their performance because of the attention they receive from the experimenters.

  4. Observer bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_bias

    Another key example of observer bias is a 1963 study, "Psychology of the Scientist: V. Three Experiments in Experimenter Bias", [9] published by researchers Robert Rosenthal and Kermit L. Fode at the University of North Dakota. In this study, Rosenthal and Fode gave a group of twelve psychology students a total of sixty rats to run in some ...

  5. Hawthorne Works - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Works

    The term "Hawthorne effect" refers to the type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] It was first observed in data from the Hawthorne Works collected by psychologist Elton Mayo and later reinterpreted by Henry A. Landsberger, who coined the term.

  6. Observer effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect

    Hawthorne effect, a form of reactivity in which subjects modify an aspect of their behavior, in response to their knowing that they are being studied; Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment

  7. Social experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_experiment

    The experiment depends on a particular social approach where the main source of information is the participants' point of view and knowledge. To carry out a social experiment, specialists usually split participants into two groups — active participants (people who take action in particular events) and respondents (people who react to the action).

  8. How Democrats Are Faring In First Tests Of The Trump Backlash

    data.huffingtonpost.com/2017/special-elections

    How Democrats Are Faring In First Tests Of The Trump Backlash An analysis of the special elections held since November offers some clues about the party's changing fortunes.

  9. Observer's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer's_paradox

    In the field of sociolinguistics, the term Observer’s Paradox was coined by William Labov, who stated with regard to the term: . The aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain this data by systematic observation.