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D 1h and C 2v: group of order 4 with a reflection in a plane and a 180° rotation through a line in that plane; D 1d and C 2h: group of order 4 with a reflection in a plane and a 180° rotation through a line perpendicular to that plane. S 2 is the group of order 2 with a single inversion (C i). "Equal" is meant here as the same up to conjugacy ...
The line with equation ax + by + c = 0 has slope -a/b, so any line perpendicular to it will have slope b/a (the negative reciprocal). Let (m, n) be the point of intersection of the line ax + by + c = 0 and the line perpendicular to it which passes through the point (x 0, y 0). The line through these two points is perpendicular to the original ...
By rotating the cube by 45° on the x-axis, the point (1, 1, 1) will therefore become (1, 0, √ 2) as depicted in the diagram. The second rotation aims to bring the same point on the positive z-axis and so needs to perform a rotation of value equal to the arctangent of 1 ⁄ √ 2 which is approximately 35.264°.
Strike line and dip of a plane describing attitude relative to a horizontal plane and a vertical plane perpendicular to the strike line. Many features observed in geology are planes or lines, and their orientation is commonly referred to as their attitude. These attitudes are specified with two angles.
In either the coordinate or vector formulations, one may verify that the given point lies on the given plane by plugging the point into the equation of the plane. To see that it is the closest point to the origin on the plane, observe that p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } is a scalar multiple of the vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } defining ...
Then their respective planes are perpendicular to vectors a and b, and the direction of L must be perpendicular to both. Hence we may set d = a × b, which is nonzero because a, b are neither zero nor parallel (the planes being distinct and intersecting). If point x satisfies both plane equations, then it also satisfies the linear combination
Orthographic projection (also orthogonal projection and analemma) [a] is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions.Orthographic projection is a form of parallel projection in which all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, [2] resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface.
The point P is the inversion point of Q; the polar is the line through P that is perpendicular to the line containing O, P and Q. If point R is the inverse of point P then the lines perpendicular to the line PR through one of the points is the polar of the other point (the pole). Poles and polars have several useful properties: If a point P ...