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This figure shows that exotoxins are secreted by bacterial cells, Clostridium botulinum for example, and are toxic to somatic cells. Somatic cells have antibodies on the cell wall to target exotoxins and bind to them, preventing the invasion of somatic cells. The binding of the exotoxin and antibody forms an antigen-antibody interaction and the ...
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins also known as erythrogenic toxins, are exotoxins secreted by strains of the bacterial species Streptococcus pyogenes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] SpeA and speC are superantigens , which induce inflammation by nonspecifically activating T cells and stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines . [ 3 ]
Exotoxins are typically proteins with enzymatic activity that interfere with host cells triggering the symptoms associated with the disease. Exotoxins are also relatively specific to the bacteria that produce it; for example, diphtheria toxin is only produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is required for the diphtheria disease. [3]
The Pseudomonas exotoxin (or exotoxin A) is an exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [1] Vibrio cholerae produces a similar protein called the Cholix toxin 2]. It inhibits elongation factor-2.
The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria, though there is a pore-forming AB toxin found in the eggs of a snail. [1] They can be classified as Type III toxins because they interfere with internal cell function. [2]
The tcdA and tcdB genes are situated on the Clostridioides difficile chromosome in a 19.6-kb pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) found only in toxigenic strains of C. difficile.Non toxigenic strains contain a 127 base pair fragment replacing the PaLoc. [8]
Depyrogenation refers to the removal of pyrogens from solutions, most commonly from injectable pharmaceuticals.. A pyrogen is defined as any substance that can cause a fever. . Bacterial pyrogens include endotoxins and exotoxins, although many pyrogens are endogenous to the ho
One of the exotoxins is encoded on the bacterial chromosome, while the other is encoded on a plasmid. These exotoxins are proteases that cleave desmoglein-1, which normally holds the granulosum and spinosum layers together, similar to the pathophysiology of the autoimmune skin disease, pemphigus vulgaris. [citation needed]