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Rank was determined by merit, through the civil service examinations, and education became the key for social mobility. [2] After the fall of the Han Dynasty, the nine-rank system was established during the Three Kingdoms period. The concept of a merit system spread from China to British India during the 17th century, and then into continental ...
Meritocracy (merit, from Latin mereō, and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος kratos 'strength, power') is the notion of a political system in which economic goods or political power are vested in individual people based on ability and talent, rather than wealth or social class. [1]
It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system". [13] Drafted and signed in to law by President Chester A. Arthur, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by a disappointed office seeker. [13]
The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the American political parties. This was gradually changed by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal workforce was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. [22]
During his first term, President Grover Cleveland expanded the number of federal positions subject to the merit system from 16,000 to 27,000. Partly due to Cleveland's efforts, between 1885 and 1897, the percentage of federal employees protected by the Pendleton Act would rise from twelve percent to approximately forty percent. [ 29 ]
Merit Systems Protection Board members serve seven-year terms. Harris' lawsuit noted that under a statute they can only be removed "for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office."
Civil Service Commissions typically consisted of three to seven individuals appointed by the chief executive on a bipartisan basis and for limited terms. Commissioners were responsible for direct administration of personnel system, including rule-making authority, administration of merit examinations, and enforcement of merit rules.
The result was the minimum wage racing past $6, $7, and even $8 for the first time in history with the stroke of a pen. Lionel Green / Staff / Archive Photos / Getty Images CC. 1951.