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Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. [5] Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and ...
Small intestine, pancreas: Inhibits insulin secretion Galanin: Enteric nerves: Ghrelin: Stomach: Stimulates appetite, increases gastric emptying Glucagon-like peptide 1: Pancreas, ileum: Increases insulin secretion Glucagon-like peptide 2: Ileum, colon: Enterocyte-specific growth hormone Growth factors: Throughout the gut: Cell proliferation ...
thyroid gland: secrete thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3) 61 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: TRH Peptide: hypothalamus: Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons: TRHR → IP 3: anterior pituitary: Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily) Stimulate prolactin release 62 Vasoactive intestinal peptide: VIP Peptide
The pancreas, located in the abdomen, below and behind the stomach, is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. The alpha and beta cells are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets that release insulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other hormones into the blood. Insulin and glucagon influence blood sugar levels.
Prolactin cells are acidophilic by hematoxylin & eosin stains and, If these cells undergo neoplastic transformation, they will give rise to a prolactinoma, a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. [3] Prolactinoma is a tumor of the pituitary gland that is typically non-cancerous. This disorder is more common in females than males.
The production and release of the neuropeptide VIP is centralized in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions of the brain and from there it is able to modulate the release of prolactin secretion. [24] Once secreted from the pituitary gland, prolactin can increase many behaviors such as parental care and aggression.
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Prolactin, a major hormone of the HPP axis.. The hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis (HPP axis), also known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–mammary axis or hypothalamic–pituitary–breast axis, is a hypothalamic–pituitary axis which includes the secretion of prolactin (PRL; luteotropin) from the lactotrophs of the pituitary gland into the circulation and the subsequent action of ...