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Surface engineering is the sub-discipline of materials science which deals with the surface of solid matter. It has applications to chemistry , mechanical engineering , and electrical engineering (particularly in relation to semiconductor manufacturing ).
The geography of Italy includes the description of all the physical geographical elements of Italy. Italy, whose territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region , [ 1 ] is located in southern Europe and comprises the long, boot-shaped Italian Peninsula crossed by the Apennines , the southern side of Alps , the large plain of ...
Italy has extensive lignite coal from the Eocene, concentrated in Sardinia. However, extraction is limited by thin seams and complicated tectonics. Graphite anthracite is known in Carboniferous Val d'Aosta rocks and the Permian rocks of Sardinia. Both Calabria and central Italy have peat deposits from the Paleogene.
Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material. [1] This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific ...
Italy has 1,371 endemic plant species and subspecies, [152] which include Sicilian fir, Barbaricina columbine, Sea marigold, Lavender cotton, and Ucriana violet. Italy is a signatory to the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and the Habitats Directive. Italy has many botanical and historic gardens. [153]
In tissue engineering, atomic force microscopy is used to map nanotopography. In human anatomy , topography is superficial human anatomy . In mathematics the concept of topography is used to indicate the patterns or general organization of features on a map or as a term referring to the pattern in which variables (or their values) are ...
Italy in a map dated 1853 In a narrow sense, the continental part, delimited to the north by the Alpine watershed , to about 40% of the Italian region and is located in the north of an imaginary line that goes from the mouth of the Magra river to that of the Rubicone river.
In mathematics, geology, and cartography, a surface map is a 2D perspective representation of a 3-dimensional surface. [1] Surface maps usually represent real-world entities such as landforms or the surfaces of objects. They can, however, serve as an abstraction where the third, or even all of the dimensions correspond to non-spatial data. In ...