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Chemically, monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes with the formula H-[CHOH] n-CHO or polyhydroxy ketones with the formula H-[CHOH] m-CO-[CHOH] n-H with three or more carbon atoms. [1] They are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline organic solids. Contrary to their name (sugars), only some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 December 2024. Sweet-tasting, water-soluble carbohydrates This article is about the class of sweet-flavored substances used as food. For common table sugar, see Sucrose. For other uses, see Sugar (disambiguation). Sugars (clockwise from top-left): white refined, unrefined, unprocessed cane, brown ...
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6.It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, [4] a subcategory of carbohydrates.It is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
Maltose is a malt component, a substance obtained when the grain is softened in water and germinates. It is also present in highly variable quantities in partially hydrolyzed starch products like maltodextrin, corn syrup and acid-thinned starch. [10]
They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water. [1] When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present, it is called a heteropolysaccharide or heteroglycan. [2] [3]
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) [1] is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. [2] Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are simple sugars soluble in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
In chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. [1] [2] The chemical formula for all hexoses is C 6 H 12 O 6, and their molecular weight is 180.156 g/mol. [3] Hexoses exist in two forms, open-chain or cyclic, that easily convert into each other in aqueous solutions. [4]
3-Hydroxylcarbonyls, called aldols, release water upon standing at room temperature: RC(O)CH 2 CH(OH)R' → RC(O)CH=CHR' + H 2 O. The reaction is induced by dehydrating reagents. For example, 2-methyl-cyclohexan-1-ol dehydrates to 1-methylcyclohexene in the presence of Martin's sulfurane, which reacts irreversibly with water. [6] [7]
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