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Xochitecatl [ʃot͡ʃiˈtekat͡ɬ] is a pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the Mexican State of Tlaxcala, 18 km southwest of Tlaxcala city. [1] The major architecture dates to the Middle Preclassic Period (1000–400 BC) but occupation continued, with one major interruption, until the Late Classic , when the site was abandoned.
Acetogenesis is a process through which acetyl-CoA [1] or acetic acid is produced by anaerobic bacteria through the reduction of CO 2 via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway.Other microbial processes that produce acetic acid (like certain types of fermentation or the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates or ethanol by acetic acid bacteria) are not considered acetogenesis.
Quorum sensing is used by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria because it aids cellular reproduction. Once in a biofilm, bacteria can communicate with other bacteria of the same species. Bacteria can also communicate with other species of bacteria. This communication is enabled through autoinducers used by the bacteria. [13]
Primarily produced by Gram-negative bacteria, acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) are a class of small neutral lipid molecules composed of a homoserine lactone ring with an acyl chain. [7] AHLs produced by different species of Gram-negative bacteria vary in the length and composition of the acyl side chain, which often contains 4 to 18 carbon ...
An acetogen is a microorganism that generates acetate (CH 3 COO −) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation.However, this term is usually employed in a narrower sense only to those bacteria and archaea that perform anaerobic respiration and carbon fixation simultaneously through the reductive acetyl coenzyme A pathway (also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway).
Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. [229] In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals. [230] Bacteria can also be used in place of pesticides in biological pest control.
Vinegar is produced when acetic acid bacteria act on alcoholic beverages such as wine. Specific oxidation reactions occur through oxidative fermentation , which creates vinegar as a byproduct. In the biotechnological industry, these bacteria's oxidation mechanism is exploited to produce a number of compounds such as l-ascorbic acid ...
The Timpe and Runyon classification of nontuberculous mycobacteria is based on the rate of growth, production of yellow pigment and whether this pigment was produced in the dark or only after exposure to light. [1] It was introduced by Ernest Runyon in 1959. [2] On these bases, the nontuberculous mycobacteria are divided into four groups: