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The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) (/ ˈ h aɪ ɔɪ d / [2] [3]) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies between the base of the mandible and the third cervical vertebra .
It consists of pairs of stylohyoid, thyrohyoid, epihyoid and ceratohyoid bones, and a single basihyoid bone. [2] The hyoid apparatus resembles the shape of a trapeze, [3] or a bent letter "H". [4] The basihyoid bone lies within the muscle at the base of the tongue. [1] In humans, the single hyoid bone is an equivalent of the hyoid apparatus. [5]
The genioglossus is one of the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a fan-shaped muscle that comprises the bulk of the body of the tongue. It arises from the mental spine of the mandible; it inserts onto the hyoid bone, and the bottom of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). The genioglossus is the ...
The tongue is a specialized skeletal muscle that is specially adapted for the activities of speech, chewing, developing gustatory sense (taste) and swallowing. The tongue contains two sets of muscles, the intrinsic- involved with shape of tongue, and the extrinsic- involved with tongue movement. It is attached to the hyoid bone.
The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support. [2] In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the branchial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus. [4] The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized.
The geniohyoid muscle brings the hyoid bone forward and upwards. [2] This dilates the upper airway , assisting respiration . [ 4 ] During the first act of deglutition , when the mass of food is being driven from the mouth into the pharynx, the hyoid bone, and with it the tongue, is carried upward and forward by the anterior bellies of the ...
The mylohyoid muscle elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue. This is particularly important during swallowing and speaking. Alternatively, if other muscles are used to keep the position of the hyoid bone fixed, then the mylohyoid muscle depresses the mandible. [1] It also functions as reinforcing the floor of mouth. [1]
The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long, short, flat or sesamoid bones.Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and ...