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A regular icosahedron can be distorted or marked up as a lower pyritohedral symmetry, [2] [3] and is called a snub octahedron, snub tetratetrahedron, snub tetrahedron, and pseudo-icosahedron. [4] This can be seen as an alternated truncated octahedron .
In the Thomson problem, concerning the minimum-energy configuration of charged particles on a sphere, and for the Tammes problem of constructing a spherical code maximizing the smallest distance among the points, the minimum solution known for = places the points at the vertices of a regular icosahedron, inscribed in a sphere. This ...
Icosahedral symmetry fundamental domains A soccer ball, a common example of a spherical truncated icosahedron, has full icosahedral symmetry. Rotations and reflections form the symmetry group of a great icosahedron. In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron.
The icosian calculus is a non-commutative algebraic structure discovered by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1856. [1] [2] In modern terms, he gave a group presentation of the icosahedral rotation group by generators and relations.
The truncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid, meaning it is a highly symmetric and semi-regular polyhedron, and two or more different regular polygonal faces meet in a vertex. [5] It has the same symmetry as the regular icosahedron, the icosahedral symmetry, and it also has the property of vertex-transitivity.
Simple examples of Goldberg polyhedra include the dodecahedron and truncated icosahedron. Other forms can be described by taking a chess knight move from one pentagon to the next: first take m steps in one direction, then turn 60° to the left and take n steps. Such a polyhedron is denoted GP(m,n).
The motivation for Hamilton was the problem of understanding the symmetries of the dodecahedron and icosahedron, two dual polyhedra that have the same symmetries as each other. For this purpose he also invented icosian calculus, a system of non-commutative algebra which he used to compute these symmetries.
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.