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Kitchen utensils in bronze discovered in Pompeii. Illustration by Hercule Catenacci in 1864. Benjamin Thompson noted at the start of the 19th century that kitchen utensils were commonly made of copper, with various efforts made to prevent the copper from reacting with food (particularly its acidic contents) at the temperatures used for cooking, including tinning, enamelling, and varnishing.
French travelling set of cutlery, 1550–1600, Victoria and Albert Museum An example of modern cutlery, design by architect and product designer Zaha Hadid (2007). Cutlery (also referred to as silverware, flatware, or tableware) includes any hand implement used in preparing, serving, and especially eating food in Western culture.
In the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used, many surviving examples of which are displayed in museums around Europe. [3] [4] Use varied according to local customs, social class, and the type of food, but in earlier periods forks were mostly used as cooking and serving utensils. Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century
Historic pewter, faience and glass tableware. In recent centuries, flatware is commonly made of ceramic materials such as earthenware, stoneware, bone china or porcelain.The popularity of ceramics is at least partially due to the use of glazes as these ensure the ware is impermeable, reduce the adherence of pollutants and ease washing.
By the 17th century, it was common for a Western kitchen to contain a number of skillets, baking pans, a kettle and several pots, along with a variety of pot hooks and trivets. Brass or copper vessels were common in Asia and Europe, whilst iron pots were common in the American colonies. Improvements in metallurgy during the 19th and 20th ...
In the European style, which is not uniform across Europe, the diner keeps the fork in the left hand, in the American style, the fork is shifted between the left and right hands. [1] [2] [3] Prior to the adoption of the fork, the custom in Europe was for all food to be conveyed to the mouth by the right hand (using a spoon, a knife, or fingers ...
Wooden spoons were easy to carve and thus inexpensive, making them common throughout history. The Iron Age Celts (c. 250 BC) of Britain used them. This is evidenced by an example of a small ladle discovered during archaeological excavations at the Glastonbury Lake Village. Roman period spoons have been recovered from excavations in the City of ...
In the early Muslim world, spoons were used for eating soup. [10] Medieval spoons meant for domestic use were commonly made of cow horn or wood, but brass, pewter, and latten spoons appear to have been common in about the 15th century. [5]