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Shark liver oil is an oil obtained from the livers of sharks. It has been used for centuries as a folk remedy to promote the healing of wounds and as a remedy for respiratory tract and digestive system problems.
Elasmobranchs lack swim bladders, and maintain buoyancy with oil that they store in their livers. Some deep sea sharks are targeted by fisheries for this liver oil, including the school, gulper and basking sharks (pictured). [1] All three of these species have been assessed by the IUCN as vulnerable due to overfishing. [2] [3] [4]
It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum. [5] Squalene has a role in topical skin lubrication and protection. [6]
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Formulations vary from one country to another. Some Preparation H products have phenylephrine, a drug that constricts blood vessels, in a 0.25% concentration, as well as shark liver oil. [4] Another version of Preparation H has hydrocortisone as its only active ingredient in a 1% concentration. [citation needed]
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Squalene (a precursor to sterols) is used to improved human health as a drug delivery system, and a moisturizing agent which is typically derived from shark liver oil. [10] [31] [32] With an increase in demand for squalene over time, sharks are faced with a major decline in population size.
Squalene was traditionally sourced from the livers of sharks, with approximately 3000 required to produce one ton of squalane. [5] Due to environmental concerns, other sources such as olive oil, rice and sugar cane have been commercialized, and as of 2014 have been supplying about 40% of the industry total.
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