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Traditionally, illegal per se anti-trust acts describe horizontal market arrangements among competitors. The illegal per se category can trace its origins in the 1898 Supreme Court case Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. U.S., 175 U.S. 211 (1898). A number of cases have subsequently raised doubts about the validity of the illegal per se rule.
Per se may refer to: per se, a Latin phrase meaning "by itself" or "in itself". Illegal per se, the legal usage in criminal and antitrust law;
Negligence per se involves the concept of strict liability. Within the law of negligence there has been a move away from strict liability (as typified by Re Polemis) to a standard of reasonable care (as seen in Donoghue v Stevenson, The Wagon Mound (No. 1), and Hughes v Lord Advocate). This is true not just for breach of the common law, but ...
Qui facit per alium facit per se (anglicised Late Latin), [1] which means "He who acts through another does the act himself", is a fundamental legal maxim of the law of agency. [2] It is a maxim often stated in discussing the liability of employer for the act of employee in terms of vicarious liability."
Ampersand: the sign &; the name being a corruption of 'and per se = and'; i.e. ' & by itself = and'. The sign derives from the scribes' ligature for the Latin: et; in certain italic versions, the letters e and t are clearly distinguishable. —
When a per se rule is applied (in contrast to a rule of reason analysis), a civil violation of the antitrust laws is found merely by proving that the conduct occurred and that it fell within a per se category. [21] Conduct considered unlawful per se includes horizontal price-fixing, [22] horizontal market division, [23] and concerted refusals ...
per curiam: through the senate: Legal term meaning "by the court", as in a per curiam decision: per definitionem: through the definition: Thus, "by definition" per diem (pd.) by day: Thus, "per day". A specific amount of money an organization allows an individual to spend per day, typically for travel expenses. per fas et nefas: through right ...
As with any defamation case, truth remains an absolute defence to defamation per se. This means that even if the statement would be considered defamatory per se if false, if the defendant establishes that it is in fact true, an action for defamation per se cannot survive. [ 55 ]