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The opposite of sorting, rearranging a sequence of items in a random or meaningless order, is called shuffling. For sorting, either a weak order, "should not come after", can be specified, or a strict weak order , "should come before" (specifying one defines also the other, the two are the complement of the inverse of each other, see operations ...
In the case of a finite set, the basic operation of counting, to find the ordinal number of a particular object, or to find the object with a particular ordinal number, corresponds to assigning ordinal numbers one by one to the objects. The size (number of elements, cardinal number) of a finite set is equal to the order type. [1]
For example, if any number of elements are out of place by only one position (e.g. 0123546789 and 1032547698), bubble sort's exchange will get them in order on the first pass, the second pass will find all elements in order, so the sort will take only 2n time.
The conjecture was disproved in 1959 by L. R. Ford Jr. and Selmer M. Johnson, who found a different sorting algorithm, the Ford–Johnson merge-insertion sort, using fewer comparisons. [1] The same sequence of sorting numbers also gives the worst-case number of comparisons used by merge sort to sort items. [2]
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This last example shows that a set that is intuitively "nearly sorted" can still have a quadratic number of inversions. The inversion number is the number of crossings in the arrow diagram of the permutation, [6] the permutation's Kendall tau distance from the identity permutation, and the sum of each of the inversion related vectors defined below.
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In computing, natural sort order (or natural sorting) is the ordering of strings in alphabetical order, except that multi-digit numbers are treated atomically, i.e., as if they were a single character. Natural sort order has been promoted as being more human-friendly ("natural") than machine-oriented, pure alphabetical sort order.