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The presence of surface antibody (anti-HBs) indicates an individual with immunity to hepatitis B, whether due to previously resolved infection or due to hepatitis B vaccination. [65] For example, an individual who has never had any exposure to HBV, either by vaccine or by infection, would test negative for the entire serology panel.
These antigens are recognized by antibody proteins that bind specifically to one of these surface proteins. The full-length HBsAg is called the L (for "large") form. It consists of a preS loop, a first transmembrane helix (TM1), a cytosolic loop (CYL), another TM helix (TM2), an antigenic loop (AGL), followed by two TM helices (TM3 and TM4).
The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccine capable of preventing cancer, specifically liver cancer. [73] Most vaccines are given in three doses over a course of days. A protective response to the vaccine is defined as an anti-HBs antibody concentration of at least 10 mIU/ml in the recipient's serum.
Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral antigens (such as the hepatitis B surface or core antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA. [17] [33] In early infection (i.e. within 1 week), IgM antibodies are found in the blood ...
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was the first hepatitis B virus protein to be discovered. [15] It consists of small (S), medium (M) and large (L) protein. [16] HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is the main structural protein of HBV icosahedral nucleocapsid and it has function in replication of the virus. [17]
HBcAg, also called core protein (Cp), is a 21 kDa protein of 183–185 amino acids, depending on the genotype, and is the result of the second start codon in the open reading frame. [6] Once a threshold of HBcAg proteins are translated in the cytoplasm, the viral capsid will spontaneously into a T=3 or T=4 icosahedral capsid . [ 7 ]
sdAb: single-domain antibody; BsAb: bispecific monoclonal antibody: 3funct: trifunctional antibody; BiTE: bi-specific T-cell engager; This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have been withdrawn from market; consequently, the column Use does not necessarily indicate clinical ...
A simplified drawing of the HBV particle and surface antigen. Purple = Lipid Envelope, Red = Nucleocapsid Core (Note: This drawing is slightly misleading in that the nucleocapsid core is a single entity even though it is depicted as a light blue icosahedral line shape and a red ring of circles). The genome organisation of HBV. The genes overlap.