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A central-force problem is said to be "integrable" if this integration can be solved in terms of known functions. If the force is a power law, i.e., if F ( r ) = a r n {\displaystyle F(r)=ar^{n}} , then u {\displaystyle u} can be expressed in terms of circular functions and/or elliptic functions if n {\displaystyle n} equals 1, -2, -3 (circular ...
The two-body problem is interesting in astronomy because pairs of astronomical objects are often moving rapidly in arbitrary directions (so their motions become interesting), widely separated from one another (so they will not collide) and even more widely separated from other objects (so outside influences will be small enough to be ignored safely).
The two-body problem in general relativity (or relativistic two-body problem) is the determination of the motion and gravitational field of two bodies as described by the field equations of general relativity. Solving the Kepler problem is essential to calculate the bending of light by gravity and the motion of a planet orbiting its sun.
Noteworthy examples of vacuum solutions, electrovacuum solutions, and so forth, are listed in specialized articles (see below). These solutions contain at most one contribution to the energy–momentum tensor, due to a specific kind of matter or field. However, there are some notable exact solutions which contain two or three contributions ...
In an inertial frame of reference (subscripted "in"), Euler's second law states that the time derivative of the angular momentum L equals the applied torque: = For point particles such that the internal forces are central forces, this may be derived using Newton's second law.
He eventually summarized his results in the form of three laws of planetary motion. [2] What is now called the Kepler problem was first discussed by Isaac Newton as a major part of his Principia. His "Theorema I" begins with the first two of his three axioms or laws of motion and results in Kepler's second law of planetary motion. Next Newton ...
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SR states that motion is relative and the laws of physics are the same for all experimenters irrespective of their inertial reference frames. In addition to modifying notions of space and time , SR forces one to reconsider the concepts of mass , momentum , and energy all of which are important constructs in Newtonian mechanics .