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The different parts of Elmer software may be used independently. Whilst the main module is the ElmerSolver tool, which includes many sophisticated features for physical model solving, the additional components are required to create a full workflow. For pre- and post-processing other tools, such as Paraview can be used to visualise the output.
(Also written as csc.) cosech – hyperbolic cosecant function. (Also written as csch.) cosh – hyperbolic cosine function. cosiv – coversine function. (Also written as cover, covers, cvs.) cot – cotangent function. (Also written as ctg.) coth – hyperbolic cotangent function. cov – covariance of a pair of random variables. cover ...
Symbol Meaning SI unit of measure magnetic vector potential: tesla meter (T⋅m) : area: square meter (m 2) : amplitude: meter: atomic mass number: unitless acceleration: meter per second squared (m/s 2)
The trigonometric functions are also important in physics. The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion , which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string.
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that ...
A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage.
For centuries, spherical trigonometry has been used for locating solar, lunar, and stellar positions, [56] predicting eclipses, and describing the orbits of the planets. [57] In modern times, the technique of triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the distance to nearby stars, [58] as well as in satellite navigation systems. [19]
Space charge is an interpretation of a collection of electric charges in which excess electric charge is treated as a continuum of charge distributed over a region of space (either a volume or an area) rather than distinct point-like charges.