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However, current literature has various definitions of both terms. Childhood blindness encompasses multiple diseases and conditions present in ages up to 16 years old, which can result in permanent blindness or severe visual impairment over time. [2] Congenital blindness is a hereditary disease and can be treated by gene therapy.
Evidence has shown that newborns' eyes do not work in the same fashion as older children or adults – mainly due to poor coordination of the eyes. Newborn's eyes move in the same direction only about half of the time. [17] The strength of eye muscle control is positively correlated to achieve depth perception.
The fetus's development can be impacted through the level of the placenta, and there is evidence to show how prenatal stress can have consequences on the placenta and in turn the fetus during pregnancy. [10] The resulting effects can impact many different areas of the developing child's brain, such as the hypothalamus, corpus callosum, amygdala ...
According to a study conducted by Whitcome, et al., lumbar lordosis can increase from an angle of 32 degrees at 0% fetal mass (i.e. non-pregnant women or very early in pregnancy) to 50 degrees at 100% fetal mass (very late in pregnancy). Postpartum, the angle of the lordosis declines and can reach the angle prior to pregnancy.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely born babies generally having received neonatal intensive care, in which oxygen therapy is used because of the premature development of their lungs. [2]
Childhood blindness is an important contribution to the national prevalence of the disability of blindness. [3] Blindness in children can be defined as a visual acuity of <3/60 in the eye with better vision of a child under 16 years of age. [4]
Maternal health is the health of people during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. In most cases, maternal health encompasses the health care dimensions of family planning , preconception , prenatal , and postnatal care in order to ensure a positive and fulfilling experience.
Toxoplasmosis can be acquired through eating infected undercooked meat or contaminated food, and by drinking contaminated water. [50] The risk of fetal infection is lowest during early pregnancy, and highest during the third trimester. However, in early pregnancy the outcome is worse, and can be fatal. [50]