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These libraries, the civil service tests, and objective evaluations were part of the meritocracy, or merit-based system of promotion in ancient China for civil service. [32] Mogao Grottoes or Cave of "The Thousand Buddhas" The Library Cave contained 15,000 paper books and 1,100 paper bundles of scrolls.
The most famous library of the ancient Near East was the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh, founded in the seventh century BC by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (ruled 668–c. 627 BC). [14] [3] A large library also existed in Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 605–c. 562 BC). [15]
The Library of Pergamum (Greek: Βιβλιοθήκη του Πέργαμον) is an ancient Greek building in Pergamon, Anatolia, today located nearby the modern town of Bergama, in the İzmir Province of western Turkey. It was one of the most important libraries in the ancient world. [2]
The Epic of Gilgamesh, a masterpiece of ancient Babylonian poetry, was found in the library, as was the Enûma Eliš creation story, the myth of Adapa, the first man, and stories such as the Poor Man of Nippur. [16] [17] [18] Another group of literary texts is the lexical texts and sign lists.
The Bibliotheca Ulpia ("Ulpian Library") was a Roman library founded by the Emperor Trajan in AD 114 in the Forum of Trajan, located in ancient Rome. It was considered one of the most prominent and famous libraries of antiquity [1] and became a major library in the Western World upon the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd ...
The Imperial Library of Constantinople, in the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, was the last of the great libraries of the ancient world. Long after the destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria and the other ancient libraries, it preserved the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans for almost 1,000 years. [ 1 ]
One of the oldest libraries found is that of the ancient library at Ebla (circa 2500 BCE) in present-day Syria. In the 1970s, the excavation at Ebla's library unearthed over 20,000 clay tablets written in cuneiform script. [5] The Al Qarawiyyin Library was founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri and is the oldest
The selling of books dates back to ancient times. The founding of libraries in c.300 BC stimulated the energies of the Athenian booksellers. In Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library, and Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade.