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The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. [10] This in turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos (σφόγγος 'sponge'), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds; [11] the root is also used in other languages, such as the German Schwamm ('sponge') and Schimmel ('mold').
Animals and fungi are also more closely related to amoebas than to plants, and plants are more closely related to the SAR supergroup of protists than to animals or fungi. [citation needed] Animals and fungi are both heterotrophs, unlike plants, and while fungi are sessile like plants, there are also sessile animals.
One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships depicted by Alastair Simpson. In this system the multicellular animals are descended from the same ancestor as both the unicellular choanoflagellates and the fungi which form the Opisthokonta. [45] Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.
One difference that places fungi in a different kingdom is that their cell walls contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, bacteria and some protists. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs , that is, they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment.
The Fungi are classified as a kingdom that is separate from plants and animals. The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology or fungal biology, which is historically regarded as a branch of botany , even though genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
The genome of Monosiga brevicollis, with 41.6 million base pairs, [12] is similar in size to filamentous fungi and other free-living unicellular eukaryotes, but far smaller than that of typical animals. [12] In 2010, a phylogenomic study revealed that several algal genes are present in the genome of Monosiga brevicollis.
Hallucinogenic toxins independently came about in: peyotecactus, Ayahuasca vine, some fungi like psilocybin mushroom. [242] Plant toxins independently came about in: solauricine, daphnin, tinyatoxin, ledol, protoanemonin, lotaustralin, chaconine, persin and more. [243] Venus flytrap sea anemone is an animal and the Venus flytrap is a plant ...
Molecular studies indicate that nucleariids are closely related to fungi. [2] [3] and more distantly to the lineage that gave rise to choanoflagellates and metazoa opisthokonts, [4] the group which includes animals, fungi. Some use a broad definition of Opisthokonta to include all of these organisms with flattened mitochondrial cristae.