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DATA blocks can be used to read and manipulate input data, and create data sets. PROC blocks are used to perform analyses and operations on these data sets, sort data, and output results in the form of descriptive statistics, tables, results, charts and plots. [15] [16] PROC SQL can be used to work with SQL syntax within SAS. [17]
PROC statements can also display results, sort data or perform other operations. [5] SAS macros are pieces of code or variables that are coded once and referenced to perform repetitive tasks. [8] SAS data can be published in HTML, PDF, Excel, RTF and other formats using the Output Delivery System, which was first introduced in 2007. [9]
Stored procedure languages from different vendors have different levels of sophistication. Tool support for writing and debugging stored procedures is often not as good as for other programming languages, but this differs between vendors and languages. For example, both PL/SQL and T-SQL have dedicated IDEs and debuggers.
Many analytic model-building tools have the ability to export their models in either SQL or PMML (Predictive Modeling Markup Language). Once the SQL is loaded into a stored procedure, values can be passed in through parameters and the model is executed natively in the database. Tools that can use this approach include SAS, SPSS, R and KXEN.
SQL/PSM (SQL/Persistent Stored Modules) is an ISO standard mainly defining an extension of SQL with a procedural language for use in stored procedures.Initially published in 1996 as an extension of SQL-92 (ISO/IEC 9075-4:1996, a version sometimes called PSM-96 or even SQL-92/PSM [2]), SQL/PSM was later incorporated into the multi-part SQL:1999 standard, and has been part 4 of that standard ...
Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:
The SQL standard defines embedding of SQL as embedded SQL and the language in which SQL queries are embedded is referred to as the host language. A popular host language is C. Host language C and embedded SQL, for example, is called Pro*C in Oracle and Sybase database management systems, ESQL/C in Informix, and ECPG in the PostgreSQL database ...
Basically, object code for the language's interpreter needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred.