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The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest-established formal methods for the development of computer-based systems. Originating in work done at the IBM Laboratory Vienna [1] in the 1970s, it has grown to include a group of techniques and tools based on a formal specification language—the VDM Specification Language (VDM-SL).
A thorough presentation of VDM techniques is available in. [1] Numerous model implementations are available in the MCMCBayes open source repository. Several VDM examples include: Alhazmi-Malaiya: Time based model (Alhazmi-Malaiya Logistic (AML) model) [2] Alhazmi-Malaiya: Effort based model [2] Rescorla: Quadratic Model and Exponential Model [3]
The VDM formula is derived from the net present value formula and can be used to calculate the value of maintenance. The VDM formula is: PV maintenance = Σ {F SHE,t x (CF AU,t + CF CC,t + CF RA,t + CF SHE,t) / (1+r) t} where: PV maintenance = present value potential of maintenance F SHE,t = SHE factor in year t
For example, the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete by the Cook–Levin theorem, but SAT solvers can solve a variety of large instances. There are "solvers" for a variety of problems that arise in formal methods, and there are many periodic competitions to evaluate the state-of-the-art in solving such problems.
Virtual DOS machines can operate either exclusively through typical software emulation methods (e.g. dynamic recompilation) or can rely on the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 processor, which allows real mode 8086 software to run in a controlled environment by catching all operations which involve accessing protected hardware and forwarding them to the normal operating system (as exceptions).
The most widely used notations for developing model-based specifications are VDM [1] [2] and Z [3] [4] (pronounced Zed, not Zee). These notations are based on typed set theory. Systems are therefore modelled using sets and relations between sets. Another well-known approach to formal specification is algebraic specification.
Examples are: Z notation; Vienna Development Method Specification Language (VDM-SL). Some array programming languages include vectorized expressions and matrix operations as non-ASCII formulas, mixed with conventional control structures. Examples are: A programming language (APL), and its dialects APLX and A+. MathCAD.
VDM Metals Group (formerly Vereinigte ... [3] The company employs about 2,000 people worldwide. ... for example, Alloy C-263 (material number 2.4650, UNS N07263). The ...