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  2. Atomic orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital

    Fundamentally, an atomic orbital is a one-electron wave function, even though many electrons are not in one-electron atoms, and so the one-electron view is an approximation. When thinking about orbitals, we are often given an orbital visualization heavily influenced by the Hartree–Fock approximation, which is one way to reduce the ...

  3. Shielding effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielding_effect

    The wider the electron shells are in space, the weaker is the electric interaction between the electrons and the nucleus due to screening. Further, because of differences in orbital penetration, we can order the screening strength, S, that electrons in a given orbital (s, p, d, or f) provide to the rest of the electrons thus: > > > ().

  4. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    In each term of an electron configuration, n is the positive integer that precedes each orbital letter (helium's electron configuration is 1s 2, therefore n = 1, and the orbital contains two electrons). An atom's nth electron shell can accommodate 2n 2 electrons. For example, the first shell can accommodate two electrons, the second shell eight ...

  5. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three-dimensional standing wave—a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus. This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital , a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location ...

  6. Azimuthal quantum number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number

    A planar node can be described in an electromagnetic wave as the midpoint between crest and trough, which has zero magnitudes. In an s orbital, no nodes go through the nucleus, therefore the corresponding azimuthal quantum number ℓ takes the value of 0. In a p orbital, one node traverses the nucleus and therefore ℓ has the value of 1.

  7. Electron scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_scattering

    Pictorial description of how an electron beam may interact with a sample with nucleus N, and electron cloud of electron shells K,L,M. Showing transmitted electrons and elastic/inelastically scattered electrons. SE is a Secondary Electron ejected by the beam electron, emitting a characteristic photon (X-Ray) γ.

  8. Internal conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion

    Since an electron is lost from the atom, a hole appears in an electron aura which is subsequently filled by other electrons that descend to the empty, yet lower energy level, and in the process emit characteristic X-ray(s), Auger electron(s), or both. The atom thus emits high-energy electrons and X-ray photons, none of which originate in that ...

  9. Principal quantum number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_quantum_number

    In a simplistic one-electron model described below, the total energy of an electron is a negative inverse quadratic function of the principal quantum number n, leading to degenerate energy levels for each n > 1. [1] In more complex systems—those having forces other than the nucleus–electron Coulomb force—these levels split.