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Freud's conceptual opposition of death and eros drives in the human psyche was applied by Walter A. Davis in Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative [85] and Death's Dream Kingdom: The American Psyche since 9/11. [86] Davis described social reactions to both Hiroshima and 9/11 from the Freudian viewpoint of the death force.
Death, according to Darcy Harris, 'is the ultimate narcissistic wound, bringing about not just the annihilation of self, but the annihilation of one's entire existence, resulting in a form of existential shame for human beings, who possess the ability to ponder this dilemma with their higher functioning cognitive abilities.' [16]
Self-harm type I and Type II result in no injury and nonfatal injury respectively, while Self-Inflicted Unintentional Death, often called accidental suicide, is self-harm that has resulted in death. It is defined as from self-inflicted injury, poisoning, or suffocation where there is evidence that there was no intent to die.
Non-suicidal self-harm is common with 18% of people engaging in self-harm over the course of their life. [153]: 1 Acts of self-harm are not usually suicide attempts and most who self-harm are not at high risk of suicide. [154] Some who self-harm, however, do still end their life by suicide, and risk for self-harm and suicide may overlap. [154]
Ego death is a "complete loss of subjective self-identity". [1] The term is used in various intertwined contexts, with related meanings. The 19th-century philosopher and psychologist William James uses the synonymous term "self-surrender", and Jungian psychology uses the synonymous term psychic death, referring to a fundamental transformation of the psyche. [2]
Self-harm refers to intentional behaviors that cause harm to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues, usually without suicidal intention. [1] [2] [3] Other terms such as cutting, self-injury, and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent.
Death is allowed by non-violent means such as fasting to the point of starvation (Prayopavesa). [67] Jainism has a similar practice named Santhara. Other religious views on suicide vary in their tolerance and include denial of the right as well as condemnation of the act. In the Catholic faith, suicide is considered a grave sin. [68]
The essay, marking Freud's major revision of his drive theory, elaborates on the struggle between two opposing drives. In the first few sections, Freud describes these as Eros, which produces creativity, harmony, sexual connection, reproduction, and self-preservation; and the "death drives" (what some call "Thanatos" [4]), which brings destruction, repetition, aggression, compulsion, and self ...