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  2. Regularization (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)

    Adds penalty terms to the cost function to discourage complex models: L1 regularization (also called LASSO ) leads to sparse models by adding a penalty based on the absolute value of coefficients. L2 regularization (also called ridge regression ) encourages smaller, more evenly distributed weights by adding a penalty based on the square of the ...

  3. Penalty method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_method

    In the above equations, (()) is the exterior penalty function while is the penalty coefficient. When the penalty coefficient is 0, f p = f . In each iteration of the method, we increase the penalty coefficient p {\displaystyle p} (e.g. by a factor of 10), solve the unconstrained problem and use the solution as the initial guess for the next ...

  4. Crime statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_statistics

    Crime statistics refer to systematic, quantitative results about crime, as opposed to crime news or anecdotes. Notably, crime statistics can be the result of two ...

  5. Day-fine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-fine

    A day-fine, unit fine or structured fine is a pecuniary sanction which is based on the severity of the offence as well as the income (or wealth) of the offender. [1]The fine amount is calculated by determining the number of days based on the severity of the violation—the more severe the violation, the greater the number of days imposed.

  6. Bayesian information criterion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_information_criterion

    Both BIC and AIC attempt to resolve this problem by introducing a penalty term for the number of parameters in the model; the penalty term is larger in BIC than in AIC for sample sizes greater than 7. [1] The BIC was developed by Gideon E. Schwarz and published in a 1978 paper, [2] as a large-sample approximation to the Bayes factor.

  7. Blackstone's ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone's_ratio

    Hale wrote: "for it is better five guilty persons should escape unpunished, than one innocent person should die." Fortescue's De Laudibus Legum Angliae (c. 1470) states that "one would much rather that twenty guilty persons should escape the punishment of death, than that one innocent person should be condemned and suffer capitally." [7]

  8. Crime in Indonesia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia

    Crime is present in various forms in Indonesia and is punished by means such as the death penalty, fines and/or imprisonment, but is low compared to other nations in the region. Indonesia's murder rate of 0.4 per 100,000 registered in 2017 is considered one of the lowest in the world.

  9. Kullback–Leibler divergence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullback–Leibler_divergence

    In mathematical statistics, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence (also called relative entropy and I-divergence [1]), denoted (), is a type of statistical distance: a measure of how much a model probability distribution Q is different from a true probability distribution P.