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Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes. [2] Primary amenorrhea is defined as an absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13 with no menarche or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 15 years ...
It is in fact possible to restore ovulation using appropriate medication, and ovulation is successfully restored in approximately 90% of cases. The first step is the diagnosis of anovulation. The identification of anovulation is not easy; contrary to what is commonly believed, women undergoing anovulation still have (more or less) regular periods.
While the normal human menstrual cycle typically lasts 4 weeks (28 days, range 24–35 days) and consists of a follicular phase, ovulation, and a luteal phase followed by either menstruation or pregnancy, the anovulatory cycle has cycle lengths of varying degrees.
Disorders of ovulation include oligoovulation and anovulation: [14] Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal woman). [15] Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding.
Without ovulation, she may enter interestrus, which is the combined stages of diestrus and anestrus, before reentering estrus. With the induction of ovulation, the female becomes pregnant or undergoes a non-pregnant luteal phase, also known as pseudopregnancy. Cats are polyestrous but experience a seasonal anestrus in autumn and late winter. [19]
It is already clearly stated in the Talmud tractate Niddah, that a woman only becomes pregnant in specific periods in the month, which seemingly refers to ovulation. St. Augustine wrote about periodic abstinence to avoid pregnancy in the year 388 (the Manichaeans attempted to use this method to remain childfree , and Augustine condemned their ...
When used to avoid pregnancy, the standard days method has been estimated [22] to have perfect-use efficacy of 95% and typical-use efficacy of 88%. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] These figures are based on a 2002 study in Bolivia, Peru, and the Philippines of women of reproductive age having menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days, [ 20 ] [ 23 ] : 505 and on a ...
For avoiding pregnancy, the perfect-use failure rate of Creighton was 0.5%, which means that for each year that 1,000 couples using this method perfectly, that there are 5 unintended pregnancies. The typical-use failure rate, representing the fraction of couples using this method that actually had an unintended pregnancy, is reported as 3.2%.