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The weak interaction has a very short effective range (around 10 −17 to 10 −16 m (0.01 to 0.1 fm)). [b] [14] [13] At distances around 10 −18 meters (0.001 fm), the weak interaction has an intensity of a similar magnitude to the electromagnetic force, but this starts to decrease exponentially with increasing distance.
The top quark, however, decays via the weak force with a mean lifetime of 5×10 −25 seconds. Unlike all other weak interactions, which typically are much slower than strong interactions, the top quark weak decay is uniquely shorter than the time scale at which the strong force of QCD acts, so a top quark decays before it can hadronize. [16]
Quantum hadrodynamics (QHD) [1] is an effective field theory pertaining to interactions between hadrons, that is, hadron-hadron interactions or the inter-hadron force. It is "a framework for describing the nuclear many-body problem as a relativistic system of baryons and mesons". [ 1 ]
A hadron is a composite subatomic particle.Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions. In particle physics, a hadron (/ ˈ h æ d r ɒ n / ⓘ; from Ancient Greek ἁδρός (hadrós) 'stout, thick') is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction.
The weak interaction is responsible for various forms of particle decay, such as beta decay. It is weak and short-range, due to the fact that the weak mediating particles, W and Z bosons, have mass. W bosons have electric charge and mediate interactions that change the particle type (referred to as flavor) and charge.
) is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions. Weak interactions : The strange antiquark (s) of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark (u) by the emission of a W + boson; the W + boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark (d) and an up quark (u). Strong interactions: An up quark (u) emits a gluon (g
Hadron colliders produce particles that contain charm quarks at a higher cross section. [ c ] [ 81 ] The W boson can also decay into hadrons containing the charm quark or the charm antiquark. [ 82 ] The Z boson can decay into charmonium through charm quark fragmentation. [ 83 ]
When they decayed through the weak interactions, they had lifetimes of around 10 −10 seconds. While studying these decays, Murray Gell-Mann (in 1953) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and Kazuhiko Nishijima (in 1955) [ 6 ] developed the concept of strangeness (which Nishijima called eta-charge , after the eta meson (