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The Jewish Encyclopedia connects the two civil wars raging during the last decades of the first century BC, one in Judea between the two Hasmonean brothers Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, and one in the Roman republic between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and describes the evolution of the Jewish population in Rome:
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Religio licita has sometimes been taken as a formal recognition or charter originating with Julius Caesar and embodied by various pieces of Roman legislation pertaining to the Jews, conceived of as a coherent policy. [11]
Fifteen years later, Julius Caesar visited the region and improved Jewish status, restoring some territories to Jewish control and appointing Hyrcanus as ethnarch. [26] Antigonus II Mattathias, Aristobolus's son, reclaimed Judaea's throne in 40 BCE with popular [27] and Parthian support. [28]
Visible on the fountain, from left to right are: Judah Maccabee, David (with harp), Julius Caesar, Alexander. The figure in the left foreground, St Mark, with his lion, is part of another group David, in Livro do Armeiro-Mor (fl 1 v), a Portuguese armorial from 1509. The book opens with ten full-page illustrations of the Nine Worthies and ...
Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism, a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality, whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order, and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government. [293]
A particularly disliked group of non-Romans within the empire were the Jews. [30] The majority of the Roman populace detested Jews and Judaism, though views were more varied among the Roman elite. [30] Although many, such as Tacitus, were also hostile to the Jews, [31] others, such as Cicero, were merely unsympathetically indifferent. [32]
Caesar himself does not appear as a triumphant victor in turn, being unable to pursue the Helvetii for three days, "both on account of the wounds of the soldiers and the burial of the slain". However, it is clear that Caesar's warning to the Lingones not to supply his enemies was quite enough to make the Helvetii leaders once again offer peace.