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Opioids refer to all natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic opioids, like heroin and oxycodone. Contrary to popular misconception, opioids are not depressants in the classical sense. [4] They do produce central nervous system depression, but they also excite certain areas of the central nervous system. To remain true to the term "depressant ...
Respiratory stimulants: carotid chemoreceptor agonists (e.g. doxapram), 5-HT 4 agonists (e.g. BIMU8), δ-opioid agonists (e.g. BW373U86) and AMPAkines (e.g. CX717) can all reduce respiratory depression caused by opioids without affecting analgesia, but most of these drugs are only moderately effective or have side effects which preclude use in ...
The classes of medications most commonly abused are opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants and central nervous stimulants. [ 3 ] : 5 In particular, prescription opioid is most commonly abused in the form of prescription analgesics .
Stimulants, which activate the central nervous system. These are used recreationally for their euphoric effects. Hallucinogens (psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants), which induce perceptual and cognitive alterations. Hypnotics, which depress the central nervous system. Opioid analgesics, which also depress the central nervous system ...
Most reviews conclude that opioids produce minimal impairment of human performance on tests of sensory, motor, or attentional abilities. However, recent studies have been able to show some impairments caused by morphine, which is not surprising, given that morphine is a central nervous system depressant.
Central nervous system (CNS) depression is a physiological state that can result in a decreased rate of breathing, decreased heart rate, and loss of consciousness, possibly leading to coma or death. It is the result of inhibited or suppressed brain activity .
The most widely used depressant by far is alcohol (i.e. ethanol). Stimulants or "uppers", such as amphetamines or cocaine, which increase mental or physical function, have an opposite effect to depressants. Depressants, in particular alcohol, can precipitate psychosis.
Opiates are hypothesized to be used as self-medication for aggression and rage. [27] [29] Opiates are effective anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and anti-depressants, however, people tend to self-medicate anxiety and depression with depressants and stimulants respectively, though this is by no means an absolute analysis. [23] [39] [40]