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The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) that is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect. [1] [2]
It is often seen on trees atop mountains and ridges in winter, when low-hanging clouds cause freezing fog. This fog freezes to the windward (wind-facing) side of tree branches, buildings, or any other solid objects, usually with high wind velocities and air temperatures between −2 and −8 °C (28 and 18 °F).
Most liquids under increased pressure freeze at higher temperatures because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together. However, the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different: for some pressures higher than 1 atm (0.10 MPa), water freezes at a temperature below 0 °C. Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures, ice can ...
One-year ice is usually about 1 meter thick. The area covered by sea ice ranges between 9 and 12 million km 2. In addition, the Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km 2 and contains about 2.6 million km 3 of ice. When the ice breaks off (calves) it forms icebergs scattered around the northern Atlantic. [2]
Liquid water is densest, essentially 1.00 g/cm 3, at 4 °C and begins to lose its density as the water molecules begin to form the hexagonal crystals of ice as the freezing point is reached. This is due to hydrogen bonding dominating the intermolecular forces, which results in a packing of molecules less compact in the solid.
1995 photo of Mars showing approximate size of the polar caps. The planet Mars has two permanent polar ice caps of water ice and some dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide, CO 2).Above kilometer-thick layers of water ice permafrost, slabs of dry ice are deposited during a pole's winter, [1] [2] lying in continuous darkness, causing 25–30% of the atmosphere being deposited annually at either of the ...
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Air volume fraction during ice growth period is typically around 1–2 %, but may substantially increase upon ice warming. [18] Air volume of sea ice in can be as high as 15 % in summer [19] and 4 % in autumn. [20] Both brine and air volumes influence sea-ice density values, which are typically around 840–910 kg/m 3 for first-year ice. Sea ...