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A GIS file format is a standard for encoding geographical information into a computer file, as a specialized type of file format for use in geographic information systems (GIS) and other geospatial applications. Since the 1970s, dozens of formats have been created based on various data models for various purposes
Shapefile file extensions – Esri Webhelp docs for ArcGIS 10.0 (2010) Esri – Understanding Topology and Shapefiles; shapelib.maptools.org – Free c library for reading/writing shapefiles; Python Shapefile Library – Open Source (MIT License) Python library for reading/writing shapefiles
Legacy ArcGIS Workstation / ArcInfo format with reduced support in ArcGIS Desktop lineup. (by ESRI) Geography Markup Language (GML) – XML based open standard for GIS data exchange (by Open Geospatial Consortium) Simple Features – specification for vector data storage (by Open Geospatial Consortium) that can be used in a GML container
It was created by Keyhole, Inc, which was acquired by Google in 2004. KML became an international standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium in 2008. [1] [2] Google Earth was the first program able to view and graphically edit KML files, but KML support is now available in many GIS software applications, such as Marble, [3] QGIS, [4] and ArcGIS ...
In the same aspect, Google, one of the pioneers in web-based GIS, has developed its own language, which also uses an XML structure. Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is a file format used to display geographic data in an earth browser, such as Google Earth, Google Maps, and Google Maps for mobile browsers "Google KML definition"
GeoJSON [1] is an open standard format designed for representing simple geographical features, along with their non-spatial attributes.It is based on the JSON format.. The features include points (therefore addresses and locations), line strings (therefore streets, highways and boundaries), polygons (countries, provinces, tracts of land), and multi-part collections of these types.
The OGC GeoPackage standard specifies a set of OGC member approved extensions in Annex F. Additional (vendor-specific) extensions may also be added by following the rules for GeoPackage extensions, however doing so can impact interoperability. GeoPackage was designed to be as lightweight as possible and be contained in one ready-to-use single file.
GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: primary data capture, the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., remote sensing, the global positioning system); secondary data capture, the extraction of information from existing sources that are ...