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The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal's surface, resulting in scale. If scale must be avoided, annealing is carried out in a special atmosphere, such as with endothermic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas). Annealing is also done in forming gas, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen.
Recovery is related to the similar processes of recrystallization and grain growth, each of them being stages of annealing. Recovery competes with recrystallization, as both are driven by the stored energy, but is also thought to be a necessary prerequisite for the nucleation of recrystallized grains.
annealing point ~10 12 <~500 transition point: 10 12..10 12.6 <~500 strain point ... In the opposite case of clearly non-Arrhenius behaviour the liquid is called fragile.
Annealing is most often used to soften a metal for cold working, to improve machinability, or to enhance properties like electrical conductivity. In ferrous alloys, annealing is usually accomplished by heating the metal beyond the upper critical temperature and then cooling very slowly, resulting in the formation of pearlite. In both pure ...
Annealing (metallurgy) ... is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. [166] ...
Grain growth has long been studied primarily by the examination of sectioned, polished and etched samples under the optical microscope.Although such methods enabled the collection of a great deal of empirical evidence, particularly with regard to factors such as temperature or composition, the lack of crystallographic information limited the development of an understanding of the fundamental ...
The term annealing is often used to describe the binding of a DNA probe, or the binding of a primer to a DNA strand during a polymerase chain reaction. The term is also often used to describe the reformation ( renaturation ) of reverse-complementary strands that were separated by heat (thermally denatured).
Stress relief annealing is a common approach, where the material is heated to a specific temperature and held for a certain duration, allowing dislocations to rearrange and internal stresses to dissipate. This process reduces the Bauschinger effect by minimizing internal stress fields and achieving a more uniform distribution of dislocations.