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Ascending reticular activating system. Reticular formation labeled near center. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also known as the extrathalamic control modulatory system or simply the reticular activating system (RAS), is a set of connected nuclei in the brains of vertebrates that is responsible for regulating wakefulness and ...
The 'English' name locus coeruleus [43] is actually a Latin expression consisting of the noun, locus, "place" or "spot" [44] and the adjective coeruleus, "dark blue" [44] or "sky-blue". [ 45 ] [ 46 ] This was aptly translated into English as blue place in 1907 in the English translation [ 47 ] of the official Latin anatomic nomenclature of 1895 ...
Here, a small image, e.g., a horizontal grating, is presented to the left eye, and another image, e.g., a vertical grating, is shown to the corresponding location in the right eye. In spite of the constant visual stimulus, observers consciously see the horizontal grating alternate every few seconds with the vertical one.
The lateral hypothalamus contains orexinergic neurons that control appetite and arousal through their projections to the ascending reticular activating system. [98] [99] The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through the release of peptides such as oxytocin, and vasopressin, as well as dopamine into the median eminence.
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, which mediates wakefulness, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, desire ...
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem. [1] [2] It is involved in voluntary movements, [3] arousal, and provides sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex and one of the main components of the ascending reticular activating system.
Ascending reticular activating system [ edit ] The ascending reticular activating system consists of a set of neural subsystems that project from various thalamic nuclei and a number of dopaminergic , noradrenergic , serotonergic , histaminergic , cholinergic , and glutamatergic brain nuclei.
The LGN receives information directly from the ascending retinal ganglion cells via the optic tract and from the reticular activating system. Neurons of the LGN send their axons through the optic radiation , a direct pathway to the primary visual cortex .