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Guanfacine, sold under the brand name Tenex (immediate-release) and Intuniv (extended-release) among others, is an oral alpha-2a agonist medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high blood pressure. [3] [10] Common side effects include sleepiness, constipation, and dry mouth. [10]
Beta blockers must not be used in the treatment of selective alpha-adrenergic agonist overdose. The blockade of only beta receptors increases blood pressure, reduces coronary blood flow, left ventricular function, and cardiac output and tissue perfusion by means of leaving the alpha-adrenergic system stimulation unopposed.
Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity: acebutolol, pindolol; Some common side effects include increased airway resistance for non-selective beta-blockers, exacerbation of peripheral vascular diseases, and hypotension [15] Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with second- or third-degree atrioventricular block.
Additional hypotensive effects may occur when patients are taking beta-1 blockers with other antihypertensive drugs such as nitrates, PDE inhibitors, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers. [17] The combination of beta blockers and antihypertensive drugs will work on different mechanism to lower blood pressure. [17]
Beta-blockers can block beta-1 adrenergic receptors and/or beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block beta-1-adrenergic receptors prevent the binding of endogenous catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine), which ultimately reduces blood pressure through decreasing renin and cardiac output release.
Non-selective beta blockers. Non-selective beta blockers can cause a range of adverse effects, including bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and constipation. [10] In some cases, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and erectile dysfunction are also reported. [10]
Guaifenesin might act as an expectorant by increasing the volume and reducing the viscosity of secretions in the trachea and bronchi via stimulation of the gastric mucosa. . This stimulation leads to an increased parasympathetic activity in the respiratory tract via the so-called gastro-pulmonary reflex, although some in vitro studies suggested that it might also act directly on the ...
Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1-adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.