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The most common international unit for the MVTR is g/m 2 /day, or "metric perm". In the USA, g/100in 2 /day is also in use, which is 0.064516 (approximately 1/15) of the value of g/m 2 /day units. Typical rates in aluminium foil laminates may be as low as 0.001 g/m 2 /day, whereas the rate in fabrics can measure up to several thousand g/m 2 /day.
Active control requires actuators that require energy and may operate in a time-dependent manner. [1] Active flow control includes steady or unsteady suction or blowing, [2] the use of synthetic jets, valves and plasma actuators. Actuation may be pre-determined (open-loop control) or be dependent on monitoring sensors (closed-loop control).
American Petroleum Institute (API) MPMS (Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards) Chapter 21—Chapters 21.1 - Electronic Gas Systems, and Chapter 21.2 - Liquid Electronic Systems address the ability to audit and verify the information produced by a flow computer, and defines the data which a flow computer should retain, the items which should be audited if modified, the reports which the ...
Their published result caught the attention of several major industries and created a surge of interest in applying fluidics (then called fluid amplification) to sophisticated control systems, which lasted throughout the 1960s. [4] [5] Horton is credited for developing the first fluid amplifier control device and launching the field of fluidics ...
[1] The definition of a closed loop control system according to the British Standards Institution is "a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero." [2]
3/4"x14 BSP parallel thread, [14] which has a 55° Whitworth thread form, a pitch diameter of 25.279 millimetres (0.9952 in) and a pitch of 14 threads per inch (1.814 mm); 3/4"x14 NGS [15] (NPSM) parallel thread, sealed by an O-ring, torqued to 40 to 50 N⋅m (30 to 37 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders, [16] which has a 60° thread form, a pitch ...
The first version of OLGA was financed by Statoil and was ready in 1980. The tool was developed further by IFE in collaboration with SINTEF in the 1980s. January 1, 1984 a joint industry agreement was signed by Statoil, IFE and SINTEF on the continued development of OLGA.
Under ice, the temperature of fresh water is limited to 0 °C (32 °F) at the surface or directly under the ice, and up to 4 °C (39 °F)in deeper water. In sea water the temperatures can be a few degrees lower, the minimum recorded temperature for Antarctic bottom water is −2.6 °C (27.3 °F).