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For example, individuals with linguistic dysprosody may have difficulty distinguishing the production of interrogative and declarative sentences, switching or leaving out the expected rising and falling shift, respectively. [5] Thus, linguistic dysprosody alters an individual's vocal identity and impairs verbal communication. [citation needed]
Dysgraphia; Other names: Disorder of written expression: Three handwritten repetitions of the phrase "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" on lined paper.The writing, by an adult with dysgraphia, exhibits variations in letter formation, inconsistent spacing, and irregular alignment, all key characteristics of the condition.
Examples include specific language impairment, better defined as developmental language disorder, or DLD, and aphasia, among others. Language disorders can affect both spoken and written language, [ 1 ] and can also affect sign language ; typically, all forms of language will be impaired.
Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, [a] is an impairment in a person’s ability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. [2] The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in developed countries. [3]
Some people consider it best to use person-first language, for example "a person with a disability" rather than "a disabled person." [ 1 ] However identity-first language, as in "autistic person" or "deaf person", is preferred by many people and organizations.
Receptive aphasia is an example of fluent aphasia. [4] Those who have agraphia with nonfluent aphasia can write brief sentences but their writing is difficult to read. Their writing requires great physical effort, lacks proper syntax, and often has poor spelling. Expressive aphasia is an example of nonfluent aphasia. [3]
Paraphasia is associated with fluent aphasias, characterized by "fluent spontaneous speech, long grammatically shaped sentences and preserved prosody abilities." [4] Examples of these fluent aphasias include receptive or Wernicke's aphasia, anomic aphasia, conduction aphasia, and transcortical sensory aphasia, among others.
Semantic dementia [23] is a condition in which words and phrases slowly begin to lose meaning, and comprehension is lost because of a deterioration in the semantic memory. This is usually characterized by behavior changes, fluent speech but with no meaning, preserved syntax and grammar, and the impaired ability to recognize objects.