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Memory is a site of storage and enables the retrieval and encoding of information, which is essential for the process of learning. [2] Learning is dependent on memory processes because previously stored knowledge functions as a framework in which newly learned information can be linked.
Human memory, including the process of encoding, is known to be a heritable trait that is controlled by more than one gene. In fact, twin studies suggest that genetic differences are responsible for as much as 50% of the variance seen in memory tasks. [23]
In mental memory, storage is one of three fundamental stages along with encoding and retrieval. Memory is the process of storing and recalling information that was previously acquired. Storing refers to the process of placing newly acquired information into memory, which is modified in the brain for easier storage.
After encoding, the hippocampus is capable of going through the retrieval process. The retrieval process consists of accessing stored information; this allows learned behaviors to experience conscious depiction and execution. [1] Encoding and retrieval are both affected by neurodegenerative and anxiety disorders and epilepsy.
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieving information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core processes of memory.There are three main types of recall: free recall, cued recall and serial recall.
Also, the storage process can become corrupted by physical damage to areas of the brain that are associated with memory storage, such as the hippocampus. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Finally, the retrieval of information from long-term memory can be disrupted because of decay within long-term memory. [ 2 ]
The measures of memory are used to make inferences about encoding and retrieval processes. For example, if messages are simple, increasing people's attention to a message through the inclusion of formal features that orient attention, such as edits, results in improvements in memory for the message.
The encoding specificity principle is the general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories. It provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.